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Анотація
Будівлі з близьким до нульового споживанням енергії (NZEB) є пріоритетним напрямом сталого розвитку в європейській та українській будівельній практиці. Особливу складність становить адаптація принципів NZEB до історичних об’єктів, де необхідно забезпечити баланс між енергоефективністю та збереженням архітектурної спадщини. Метою статті є узагальнення наукових підходів і практичного досвіду щодо реалізації NZEB у сучасних і, зокрема, історичних будівлях, а також аналіз нормативно-правових та технологічних викликів щодо інтеграції стандартів NZEB у історичну забудову. Методи дослідження включають систематичний аналіз понад 70 джерел наукової літератури, класифікованих за напрямами: нормативно-правове регулювання NZEB у країнах ЄС і Україні, технічні стратегії адаптації історичних будівель, використання відновлюваних джерел енергії, підключення до інфраструктури та заходи з енергоефективності. Окрема увага приділяється реалізованим прикладам модернізації історичних об’єктів, які демонструють практичну можливість досягнення показників NZEB без шкоди для архітектурної цінності будівель. Згідно з діючими українськими нормативами, максимальні значення показника споживання первинної енергії з невідновлюваних джерел енергії (EPₚ) для будівель з близьким до нульового рівнем споживання енергії у разі реконструкції становлять: для житлових будівель – від 59 до 117 кВт·год/м² залежно від поверховості та темпе-ратурної зони; для громадських будівель дана величина залежить також від коефіцієнта компактності і становить 17-45 кВт·год/м³; для будівель закладів освіти – від 26 до 60 кВт·год/м³. Результати огляду свідчать про наявність широкого спектра можливостей для досягнення стандартів NZEB в історичних будівлях – від впровадження фотоелектричних систем і теплових насосів до використання сучасних систем мікроклімату та оптимізації систем гарячого водопостачання. Водночас наголошується на ва-жливості проведення попередньої теплотехнічної діагностики та індивідуального підходу до кожного об’єкта. Отримані висновки можуть бути використані як аналітична база для подальшого розвитку нормативних рішень, адаптованих до історичних будівель, та як практичний орієнтир для проєктантів і фахівців у сфері енергоефективної реновації
Ключові слова:
NZEB, Модернізація історичних будівель, Енергетичне моделювання, Реконструкція історичних будівель, Відновлювані джерела енергії, Сценарії енергозбереження
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Як цитувати
Білоус, І., Гетманчук, Г., Крамаренко, С., & Гавриш, А. (2025). Будівлі з близьким до нульового споживанням енергії в сучасних та історичних будівлях: виклики та рішення. Refrigeration Engineering and Technology, 61(2), 160-177. https://doi.org/10.15673/ret.v61i2.3173
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ЕНЕРГЕТИКА ТА ЕНЕРГОЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ
Посилання
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28. Fanney, A. H., Payne, V., Ullah, T., Ng, L., Boyd, M., Omar, F., … Pettit, B. (2015). Net-zero and beyond! Design and performance of NIST’s net-zero energy residential test facility. Energy and Buildings, 101, 95-109.
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31. Baggio, M., Tinterri, C., Dalla Mora, T., Righi,
A., Peron, F., Romagnoni, P. (2017). Sustainability of a Historical Building Renovation Design through the Application of LEED® Rating System. Energy Procedia, 113, 382-389.
32. Mazzola, E., Dalla Mora, T., Peron, F., Romagnoni, P. (2019). An Integrated Energy and Envi¬ronmental Audit Process for Historic Buildings. Energies, 12, 3940.
33. Moran, P., Goggins, J., & Hajdukiewicz, M. (2017). Super-insulate or use renewable technology? Life cycle cost, energy and global warming potential analysis of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) in a temperate oceanic climate. Energy and Buildings, 139, 590-607.
34. Wu, W., Skye, H. M., & Domanski, P. A. (2018). Selecting HVAC systems to achieve comfortable and cost-effective residential net-zero energy buildings. Applied Energy, 212, 577-591.
35. Wu, W., & Skye, H. M. (2018). Net-zero nation: HVAC and PV systems for residential net-zero energy buildings across the United States. Energy Conversion and Management, 177, 605-628.
36. Martinez-Molina, A., & Alamaniotis, M. (2020). Enhancing Historic Building Performance with the Use of Fuzzy Inference System to Control the Electric Cooling System. Sustainability, 12(14), 5848.
37. Eskola, L., Alev, Û., Arumägi, E., Jokisalo, J., Donarelli, A., Sirén, K., & Kalamees, T. (2015). Airtightness, Air Exchange and Energy Performance in Historic Residential Buildings with Different Structures. International Journal of Ventilation, 14(1), 11-26.
38. Ascione, F., D’Agostino, D., Marino, C., & Minichiello, F. (2016). Earth-to-air heat exchanger for NZEB in Mediterranean climate. Renewable Energy, 99, 553-563.
39. Bazzocchi, F., Ciacci, C., & Naso, V. D. (2019). Optimization of Solar Shading for a NZEB Kindergarten in Florence. Proceedings, 16(1), 48.
40. Sun, X., Gou, Z., & Lau, S. S.-Y. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of active and passive design strategies for existing building retrofits in tropical climate: Case study of a zero energy building. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 35–45.
41. Grigoropoulos, E., Anastaselos, D., Nižetić, S., & Papadopoulos, A. M. (2016). Effective ventilation strategies for net zero-energy buildings in Mediterranean climates. International Journal of Ventilation, 1-17.
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43. Pérez-Fargallo, A., Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Contreras-Espinoza, S., Marín-Restrepo, L. (2022). Domestic hot water consumption prediction models suited for dwellings in central-southern parts of Chile. Journal of Building Engineering, 49, 104024.
44. Thygesen, R., & Karlsson, B. (2017). An analysis on how proposed requirements for near zero energy buildings manages PV electricity in combination with two different types of heat pumps and its policy implications – A Swedish example. Energy Policy, 101, 10-19.
45. Carpino, C., Loukou, E., Heiselberg, P., & Arcuri, N. (2020). Energy performance gap of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) in Denmark: the influence of occupancy modelling. Building Research & Information, 1-23.
46. Herrera-Avellanosa, D., Rose, J., Thomsen, K. E., Haas, F., Leijonhufvud, G., Brostrom, T., & Troi, A. (2024). Evaluating the Implementation of Energy Retrofits in Historic Buildings: A Demonstration of the Energy Conservation Potential and Lessons Learned for Upscaling. Heritage, 7(2), 997-1013.
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48. Rose, J., & Thomsen, K. E. (2021). Comprehensive Energy Renovation of Two Danish Heritage Buildings within IEA SHC Task 59. Heritage, 4 (4), 2746-2762.
49. Gremmelspacher, J. M., Campamà Pizarro, R., van Jaarsveld, M., Davidsson, H., & Johansson, D. (2021). Historical building renovation and PV optimisation towards NetZEB in Sweden. Solar Energy, 223, 248-260.
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2. Webb, A. L. (2017). Energy retrofits in historic and traditional buildings: A review of problems and methods. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 748-759.
3. Bilgin, H., Hyraj, H. (2025). Sustainable interventions in historic buildings: case of Polytechnic University of Tirana. Energy and Buildings, 343, 115921.
4. Aruta, G., Ascione, F., Iovane, T., Mastellone, M. (2025). Double-skin façades for the refurbishment of historic buildings: Energy-economic feasibility for different types of glazing and ventilation rates. Journal of Building Engineering, 103, 112125.
5. Todorović, M. S., Ećim-Đurić, O., Nikolić, S., Ristić, S., Polić-Radovanović, S. (2015). Historic building's holistic and sustainable deep energy refurbishment via BPS, energy efficiency and re-newable energy – A case study. Energy and Buildings, 95, 130-137.
6. Matic, D., Calzada, J.R., Eric, M., Babin, M. (2015) Economically feasible energy refurbishment of prefabricated building in Belgrade. Energy and Buildings, 98, 74-81.
7. Cifre, A. G. (2020) New Spanish Building Code CTE HE 2019: Main Changes. Zero Consulting Blog. 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://blog.zeroconsulting.com/en/new-cte-he-2019
8. Warren, L.; Dawodu, A.; Adewumi, A.S.; Quan, C. (2024). Can the UK Deliver Zero Carbon Ready Homes by 2050? Sustainability, 16, 5820.
9. ASHRAE publishes new guideline on energy efficiency for historic buildings. – ASHRAE News Release, Atlanta. Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://www.ashrae.org/about/news/2019/ashrae-publishes-new-guideline-on-energy-efficiency-for-historic-buildings.
10. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2023). Certain issues of strategic development of energy efficiency in buildings: Order No. 1228-r. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://zakon. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/1228-2023-%D1%80#Text
11. Energy efficiency in construction: round table “Requirements for NZEB buildings in Ukraine” was held. Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://mindev.gov.ua/news/35838-energoefektivnist-v-budivnictvi-vidbuvsia-kruglii-stil-vimogi-do-budivel-nzeb-v-ukrayini.
12. Some issues of introducing requirements for nearly zero energy buildings: Order of the Ministry of Regional Development and Construction of Ukraine dated 06.02.2025 № 168. Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/go/z0284-25.
13. Energy, transport and environment statistics – 2020 edition : Statistical book. Eurostat. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 192.
14. Overview – Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings: A State of the Art. BUILD UP portal, European Commission. Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://build-up.ec.europa.eu/en/resources-and-tools/articles/overview-energy-efficiency-historic-buildings-state-art
15. Lidelöw, S., Örn, T., Luciani, A., Rizzo, A. (2019). Energy-efficiency measures for heritage buildings: A literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 45, 231-242.
16. Sodangi, M., Salman, A. (2024). Analyzing the Critical Impediments to Retrofitting Historic Buildings to Achieve Net Zero Emissions. The Open Construction & Building Technology Journal, 18
17. Torcellini, P., Pless, S., Deru, M. & Crawley, D. (2006) Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition; Preprint. Golden, Colorado: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15.
18. De Rubeis, T., Nardi, I., Ambrosini, D., & Paoletti, D. (2018). Is a self-sufficient building energy efficient? Lesson learned from a case study in Mediterranean climate. Applied Energy, 218, 131-145.
19. Barbuzza, E., Buceti, G., Pozio, A., Santarelli, M., and Tosti, S. (2019). Gasification of wood biomass with renewable hydrogen for the production of synthetic natural gas, Fuel, vol. 242, pp. 520–531. doi: 10.1016/J.FUEL.2019.01.079.
20. Kim, M.-H., Kim, D.-W., Lee, D.-W., & Heo, J. (2021). Experimental Analysis of Bi-Directional Heat Trading Operation Integrated with Heat Prosumers in Thermal Networks. Energies, 14(18), 5881.
21. Boesten, S., Ivens, W., Dekker, S. C., and Eijdems, H. (2019). 5th generation district heating and cooling systems as a solution for renewable urban ther¬mal energy supply. Advances in Geosciences, 49, 129-136.
22. Qerimi, D., Dimitrieska, C., Vasilevska, S., and Alimehaj, A. (2020). Modeling of the Solar Thermal Energy Use in Urban Areas. Civil Engineering Journal. 6. 1349-1367. DOI: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091553.
23. Ibrahim, H. S. S., Khan, A. Z., Serag, Y., & Attia, S. (2021). Towards Nearly-Zero Energy in Heritage Residential Buildings Retrofitting in Hot, Dry Climates. Sustainability, 13(24), 13934.
24. Obidnyk, A. (2024). NZEB in Ukraine: Methodology for determining indicators. Ministry for Communities, Territories and Infrastructure Development of Ukraine, 20.
25. Yue, T., Li, C., Hu, Y., Wang, H. (2025). Dispatch optimization study of hybrid pumped storage-wind-photovoltaic system considering seasonal factors. Renewable Energy, 238, 121969.
26. Pellegrino, S., Lanzini, A., & Leone, P. (2015). Techno-economic and policy requirements for the market-entry of the fuel cell micro-CHP system in the residential sector. Applied Energy, 143, 370-382.
27. Mohamed, A., Hasan, A., & Sirén, K. (2014). Fulfillment of net-zero energy building (NZEB) with four metrics in a single family house with different heating alternatives. Applied Energy, 114, 385-399.
28. Fanney, A. H., Payne, V., Ullah, T., Ng, L., Boyd, M., Omar, F., … Pettit, B. (2015). Net-zero and beyond! Design and performance of NIST’s net-zero energy residential test facility. Energy and Buildings, 101, 95-109.
29. Pettit, B., Gates, C., Fanney, A. H. & Healy, W. M. (2015) Design Challenges of the NIST Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility: NIST Technical Note 1847. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, 52.
30. Orlik-Kożdoń, B., Radziszewska-Zielina, E., Fedorczak-Cisak, M., Steidl, T., Białkiewicz, A., Żychowska, M., & Muzychak, A. (2020). Historic Building Thermal Diagnostics Algorithm Presented for the Example of a Townhouse in Lviv. Energies, 13(20), 5374.
31. Baggio, M., Tinterri, C., Dalla Mora, T., Righi,
A., Peron, F., Romagnoni, P. (2017). Sustainability of a Historical Building Renovation Design through the Application of LEED® Rating System. Energy Procedia, 113, 382-389.
32. Mazzola, E., Dalla Mora, T., Peron, F., Romagnoni, P. (2019). An Integrated Energy and Envi¬ronmental Audit Process for Historic Buildings. Energies, 12, 3940.
33. Moran, P., Goggins, J., & Hajdukiewicz, M. (2017). Super-insulate or use renewable technology? Life cycle cost, energy and global warming potential analysis of nearly zero energy buildings (NZEB) in a temperate oceanic climate. Energy and Buildings, 139, 590-607.
34. Wu, W., Skye, H. M., & Domanski, P. A. (2018). Selecting HVAC systems to achieve comfortable and cost-effective residential net-zero energy buildings. Applied Energy, 212, 577-591.
35. Wu, W., & Skye, H. M. (2018). Net-zero nation: HVAC and PV systems for residential net-zero energy buildings across the United States. Energy Conversion and Management, 177, 605-628.
36. Martinez-Molina, A., & Alamaniotis, M. (2020). Enhancing Historic Building Performance with the Use of Fuzzy Inference System to Control the Electric Cooling System. Sustainability, 12(14), 5848.
37. Eskola, L., Alev, Û., Arumägi, E., Jokisalo, J., Donarelli, A., Sirén, K., & Kalamees, T. (2015). Airtightness, Air Exchange and Energy Performance in Historic Residential Buildings with Different Structures. International Journal of Ventilation, 14(1), 11-26.
38. Ascione, F., D’Agostino, D., Marino, C., & Minichiello, F. (2016). Earth-to-air heat exchanger for NZEB in Mediterranean climate. Renewable Energy, 99, 553-563.
39. Bazzocchi, F., Ciacci, C., & Naso, V. D. (2019). Optimization of Solar Shading for a NZEB Kindergarten in Florence. Proceedings, 16(1), 48.
40. Sun, X., Gou, Z., & Lau, S. S.-Y. (2018). Cost-effectiveness of active and passive design strategies for existing building retrofits in tropical climate: Case study of a zero energy building. Journal of Cleaner Production, 183, 35–45.
41. Grigoropoulos, E., Anastaselos, D., Nižetić, S., & Papadopoulos, A. M. (2016). Effective ventilation strategies for net zero-energy buildings in Mediterranean climates. International Journal of Ventilation, 1-17.
42. Household Energy Consumption in the EU (pie chart, 2020 data). Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=File:HouseholdEnergyConsumption_06_2020.jpg
43. Pérez-Fargallo, A., Bienvenido-Huertas, D., Contreras-Espinoza, S., Marín-Restrepo, L. (2022). Domestic hot water consumption prediction models suited for dwellings in central-southern parts of Chile. Journal of Building Engineering, 49, 104024.
44. Thygesen, R., & Karlsson, B. (2017). An analysis on how proposed requirements for near zero energy buildings manages PV electricity in combination with two different types of heat pumps and its policy implications – A Swedish example. Energy Policy, 101, 10-19.
45. Carpino, C., Loukou, E., Heiselberg, P., & Arcuri, N. (2020). Energy performance gap of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) in Denmark: the influence of occupancy modelling. Building Research & Information, 1-23.
46. Herrera-Avellanosa, D., Rose, J., Thomsen, K. E., Haas, F., Leijonhufvud, G., Brostrom, T., & Troi, A. (2024). Evaluating the Implementation of Energy Retrofits in Historic Buildings: A Demonstration of the Energy Conservation Potential and Lessons Learned for Upscaling. Heritage, 7(2), 997-1013.
47. Historic Building Energy Retrofit Atlas (HiBERatlas). Retrieved 15 May 2025 from https://hiberatlas.eurac.edu/en/welcome-1.html.
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49. Gremmelspacher, J. M., Campamà Pizarro, R., van Jaarsveld, M., Davidsson, H., & Johansson, D. (2021). Historical building renovation and PV optimisation towards NetZEB in Sweden. Solar Energy, 223, 248-260.
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