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Анотація
Розглядається процес допоміжної мікрохвильової екстракції, суть якої полягає у використанні мікрохвильового електромагнітного поля як інтенсифікуючого чинника для прискорення виділення біологічно активних речовин (БАР) із сировини. Встановлено, що продуктивність допоміжної мікрохвильової екстракції залежить від якості налаштування обладнання та процедури екстракції з оптимізованими робочими параметрами, та даний метод може бути неперевершеним з точки зору ефективності, стабільності та відтворюваності техніки. Визначені оперативні параметри, що впливають на ефективність використання енергії мікрохвильового поля, які включають співвідношення розчинника до сировини, склад розчинника, характеристики зразка рослини, потужність мікрохвиль, час опромінення, ефект перемішування, щільність мікрохвильової енергії та температуру екстракції. Отримано за результатами аналізу наукових праць, що ефективність зростає зі збільшенням температури, доки не буде досягнуто оптимального значення, та рекомендовано використовувати температурний діапазон від 40 до 80°C, а для максимізації виходу БАР при мінімізації деградації придатний час екстракції складає 5-15 хвилин. Встановлено, що навіть для найкраще оптимізованого процесу мікрохвильового нагрівання загальна енергоефективність може становити лише близько 80 %. Приділено особливу увагу визначенню глибини проникнення енергії мікрохвильового поля для різних видів екстрагентів та запропоновані умови мікрохвильового нагрівання рослинного матеріалу, що оброблюється. Наголошується, що рівномірність нагрівання зразка по товщині шару знижується тим більш, чим краще речовина здатна перетворювати мікрохвильову енергію в теплову, тому при використанні розчинників з високими коефіцієнтами діелектричних втрат їх недоцільно використовувати на стадії екстрагування в мікрохвильовому полі
Ключові слова:
Енергія мікрохвильового поля, Діелектричні втрати, Температура, Глибина проникнення, Рівномірність нагрівання
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Як цитувати
Фатєєва, К. (2026). Визначення раціональних умов використання мікрохвильового нагріву в процесах екстрагування біологічно активних речовин: комплексний огляд. Refrigeration Engineering and Technology, 62(1), 95-106. https://doi.org/10.15673/ret.v62i1.3496
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ХОЛОДИЛЬНА ТЕХНІКА ТА ЕНЕРГОТЕХНОЛОГІЇ
Посилання
1. Chornyi, V., Mysiura, T., Popova, N., Zavialov, V. (2021). Solvent Selection For Extraction Of Target Components From Amber. Journal of Chemistry and Technologies, 29(1), 92-99.
2. Semenyshyn, E.M., Ivashchuk, O. S., Rymar, T. I. (2018). Research on the kinetics of oil extraction from plant raw materials with organic solvents. Bulletin of the National University “Lviv Polytechnic”, series “Chemistry, Technology of Substances and Their Applications”, 886, 177-183.
3. Vo, T. P., Ho, T. A. T., Ha, N. M. H., Nguyen, M. T., Chung, M. M., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, D. Q. (2024). Recovering bioactive compounds from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) using the ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction technique. Applied Food Research, 100451.
4. Biesalski, H.-K., Dragsted, L. O., Elmadfa, I., Grossklaus, R., Müller, M., Schrenk, D., Walter, P., Weber, P. (2009). Bioactive compounds: Definition and assessment of activity. Nutrition, 25(11-12), 1202–1205.
5. Chan, C.-H., Yusoff, R., Ngoh, G.-C., Kung, F. W.-L. (2011). Microwave-assisted extractions of active ingredients from plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(37), 6213–6225.
6. Sridhar, A., Ponnuchamy, M., Kumar, P. S., Kapoor, A., Vo, D.-V. N., & Prabhakar, S. (2021). Techniques and modeling of polyphenol extraction from food: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(4), 3409–3443.
7. Gil-Martín, E., Forbes-Hernández, T., Romero, A., Cianciosi, D., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products. Food Chemistry, 378, 131918.
8. Ozogul, Y., Ucar, Y., Tadesse, E. E., Rathod, N., Kulawik, P., Trif, M., Esatbeyoglu, T., & Ozogul, F. (2025). Tannins for Food Preservation and Human Health: A Review of Current Knowledge. Applied Food Research, 100738.
9. Liu, C., Zhang, L., Peng, J., Qu, W., Liu, B., Xia, H., & Zhou, J. (2013). Dielectric Properties and Microwave Heating Characteristics of Sodium Chloride at 2.45 GHz. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 32(6), 587–596.
10. Wang, W., Zhao, C., Sun, J., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Mao, Y., Li, X., & Song, Z. (2015). Quantitative measurement of energy utilization efficiency and study of influence factors in typical microwave heating process. Energy, 87, 678–685.
11. Jiménez-Amezcua, González-Prada, A., Díez-Municio, M., Soria, A. C., Ruiz-Matute, A. I., Sanz, M. L. (2023). Simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from aged garlic. Journal of Chromatography A, 464128.
12. Asakuma, Y., Yakata, R., Hyde, A., Phan, C., Hoang, S. A. (2025). Influence of the Shape Factor on the Heating of an Aqueous Solution by Microwave. Microwave, 1(3), 10.
13. Sillero, L., Marcial, M., Olaizola, I., Banales, J. M., Hernández-Ramos, F., Erdocia, X., Morales, A. (2025). Sustainable recovery of bioactive compounds from forest residues using microwave-assisted extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 134993.
14. Mandal, V., Mohan, Y. and Hemalatha, S. (2007). Microwave assisted extraction – an innovative and promising extraction tool for medicinal plant research. Pharmacognosy reviews. 1(1),7-18.
15. Nikhita, Y., Shubham, S., Jaison, S. J., Sushil, K. (2020). Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive compounds: A brief review. Journal of Indian Chemical Society, 97, 10a, 1751–1756.
16. Valdés, A., Vidal, L., Beltrán, A., Canals, A., & Garrigós, M. C. (2015). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Almond Skin Byproducts (Prunus amygdalus): A Multivariate Analysis Approach. Journal of Agricultural and Food Che¬mistry, 63(22), 5395–5402.
17. Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H., & Ali, H. A. (2023). Optimization of microwave-enhanced extraction parameters to recover phenolic compounds and antioxidants from Corchorus olitorius leaves. Chemical Papers.
18. Zhang, Y., Xiang, Z., Xia, R., Chen, W., Zhang, X., Lei, H., Wei, F., & Yuan, Y. (2025). Comprehensive analysis of phenolic profile, their antioxidant activities, and physicochemical characteristics of rapeseed oil under various microwave and storage conditions. Food Chemistry: X, 29, 102637.
19. Terigar, B. G., Balasubramanian, S., Boldor, D., Xu, Z., Lima, M., & Sabliov, C. M. (2010). Continuous microwave-assisted isoflavone extraction system: Design and performance evaluation. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), 2466-2471.
20. Sparr Eskilsson, C., Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227-250.
21. Vo, T. P., Ho, T. A. T., Truong, K. V., Ha, N. M. H., Nguyen, D. Q. (2024). Combining novel extraction techniques with natural deep eutectic solvent to acquire phenolic and terpenoid compounds from Paris polyphylla roots. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, 101544.
22. Tomasi, I. T., Santos, S. C. R., Boaventu-ra, R. A. R., & Botelho, C. M. S. (2023). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenol-ic compounds from chestnut processing waste using response surface methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 136452.
23. Spigno, G., De Faveri, D. M. (2009). Microwave-assisted extraction of tea phenols: A phenomenological study. Journal of Food Engineering, 93(2), 210-217.
24. Flórez, N., Conde, E., & Domínguez, H. (2014). Microwave assisted water extraction of plant compounds. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 90(4), 590-607.
25. Vo, T. P., Nguyen, N. T. U., Le, V. H., Phan, T. H., Nguyen, T. H. Y., & Nguyen, D. Q. (2023). Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Mi-crowave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels. ACS Omega.
26. Di Meo, M. C., De Cristofaro, G. A., Imperatore, R., Rocco, M., Giaquinto, D., Palladino, A., Zotti, T., Vito, P., Paolucci, M., & Varricchio, E. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Olive Leaf from Five Italian Cultivars: Effects of Harvest-Time and Extraction Conditions on Phenolic Compounds and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties. ACS Food Science & Technology, 2(1), 31–40.
27. Rodríguez Seoane, P., Flórez-Fernández, N., Conde Piñeiro, E., & Domínguez González, H. (2017). Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction. Wa-ter Extraction of Bioactive Compounds, 163-198.
28. Pan, X., Niu, G., & Liu, H. (2003b). Micro-wave-assisted extraction of tea polyphenols and tea caffeine from green tea leaves. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 42(2), 129-133.
29. Chan, C.-H., Yusoff, R., Ngoh, G.-C., Kung, F. W.-L. (2011). Microwave-assisted extractions of active ingredients from plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(37), 6213-6225.
30. Chen, L., Song, D., Tian, Y., Ding, L., Yu, A., & Zhang, H. (2008). Application of on-line microwave sample-preparation techniques. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27(2), 151-159.
31. Chan, C.-H., Lim, J.-J., Yusoff, R., & Ngoh, G.-C. (2015). A generalized energy-based kinetic model for microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Separation and Purification Technology, 143, 152-160.
32. Wang, L., & Weller, C. L. (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6), 300-312.
33. Ruan, G.-H., & Li, G.-K. (2007). The study on the chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii by microwave assisted extraction coupled with GC–MS. Journal of Chromatography B, 850(1-2), 241-248.
34. Nikhita, Y., Shubham, S., Jaison, S. J., & Sushil, K. (2020). Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive compounds: A brief review. Journal of Indian Chemical Society, 97,10a, 1751–1756.
35. Chan, C.-H., Lim, J.-J., Yusoff, R., & Ngoh, G.-C. (2015). A generalized energy-based kinetic model for microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Separation and Purification Technology, 143, 152–160.
36. Terigar, B. G., Balasubramanian, S., Boldor, D., Xu, Z., Lima, M., & Sabliov, C. M. (2010). Continuous microwave-assisted isoflavone extrac-tion system: Design and performance evaluation. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), 2466–2471.
37. Li, Y., Han, L., Ma, R., Xu, X., Zhao, C., Wang, Z., Chen, F., & Hu, X. (2012). Effect of energy density and citric acid concentration on an-thocyanins yield and solution temperature of grape peel in microwave-assisted extraction process. Journal of Food Engineering, 109(2), 274–280.
38. Gao, M., Song, B.-Z., & Liu, C.-Z. (2006). Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Saussurea medusa Maxim cultured cells. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 32(2), 79-83.
39. Desai, M., Parikh, J., & Parikh, P. A. (2010). Extraction of Natural Products Using Microwaves as a Heat Source. Separation Purification Reviews, 39 (1-2), 1-32.
40. Wang, W., Zhao, C., Sun, J., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Mao, Y., Li, X., & Song, Z. (2015). Quantitative measurement of energy utilization ef-ficiency and study of influence factors in typical microwave heating process. Energy, 87, 678–685.
41. Yang, X. H., & Tang, J. (2002). Advances In Bioprocessing Engineering. WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
42. Sparr Eskilsson, C., & Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227–250.
2. Semenyshyn, E.M., Ivashchuk, O. S., Rymar, T. I. (2018). Research on the kinetics of oil extraction from plant raw materials with organic solvents. Bulletin of the National University “Lviv Polytechnic”, series “Chemistry, Technology of Substances and Their Applications”, 886, 177-183.
3. Vo, T. P., Ho, T. A. T., Ha, N. M. H., Nguyen, M. T., Chung, M. M., Nguyen, H. N., Nguyen, D. Q. (2024). Recovering bioactive compounds from yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) using the ultrasonic-microwave-assisted extraction technique. Applied Food Research, 100451.
4. Biesalski, H.-K., Dragsted, L. O., Elmadfa, I., Grossklaus, R., Müller, M., Schrenk, D., Walter, P., Weber, P. (2009). Bioactive compounds: Definition and assessment of activity. Nutrition, 25(11-12), 1202–1205.
5. Chan, C.-H., Yusoff, R., Ngoh, G.-C., Kung, F. W.-L. (2011). Microwave-assisted extractions of active ingredients from plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(37), 6213–6225.
6. Sridhar, A., Ponnuchamy, M., Kumar, P. S., Kapoor, A., Vo, D.-V. N., & Prabhakar, S. (2021). Techniques and modeling of polyphenol extraction from food: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(4), 3409–3443.
7. Gil-Martín, E., Forbes-Hernández, T., Romero, A., Cianciosi, D., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products. Food Chemistry, 378, 131918.
8. Ozogul, Y., Ucar, Y., Tadesse, E. E., Rathod, N., Kulawik, P., Trif, M., Esatbeyoglu, T., & Ozogul, F. (2025). Tannins for Food Preservation and Human Health: A Review of Current Knowledge. Applied Food Research, 100738.
9. Liu, C., Zhang, L., Peng, J., Qu, W., Liu, B., Xia, H., & Zhou, J. (2013). Dielectric Properties and Microwave Heating Characteristics of Sodium Chloride at 2.45 GHz. High Temperature Materials and Processes, 32(6), 587–596.
10. Wang, W., Zhao, C., Sun, J., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Mao, Y., Li, X., & Song, Z. (2015). Quantitative measurement of energy utilization efficiency and study of influence factors in typical microwave heating process. Energy, 87, 678–685.
11. Jiménez-Amezcua, González-Prada, A., Díez-Municio, M., Soria, A. C., Ruiz-Matute, A. I., Sanz, M. L. (2023). Simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from aged garlic. Journal of Chromatography A, 464128.
12. Asakuma, Y., Yakata, R., Hyde, A., Phan, C., Hoang, S. A. (2025). Influence of the Shape Factor on the Heating of an Aqueous Solution by Microwave. Microwave, 1(3), 10.
13. Sillero, L., Marcial, M., Olaizola, I., Banales, J. M., Hernández-Ramos, F., Erdocia, X., Morales, A. (2025). Sustainable recovery of bioactive compounds from forest residues using microwave-assisted extraction. Separation and Purification Technology, 134993.
14. Mandal, V., Mohan, Y. and Hemalatha, S. (2007). Microwave assisted extraction – an innovative and promising extraction tool for medicinal plant research. Pharmacognosy reviews. 1(1),7-18.
15. Nikhita, Y., Shubham, S., Jaison, S. J., Sushil, K. (2020). Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive compounds: A brief review. Journal of Indian Chemical Society, 97, 10a, 1751–1756.
16. Valdés, A., Vidal, L., Beltrán, A., Canals, A., & Garrigós, M. C. (2015). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Almond Skin Byproducts (Prunus amygdalus): A Multivariate Analysis Approach. Journal of Agricultural and Food Che¬mistry, 63(22), 5395–5402.
17. Alara, O. R., Abdurahman, N. H., & Ali, H. A. (2023). Optimization of microwave-enhanced extraction parameters to recover phenolic compounds and antioxidants from Corchorus olitorius leaves. Chemical Papers.
18. Zhang, Y., Xiang, Z., Xia, R., Chen, W., Zhang, X., Lei, H., Wei, F., & Yuan, Y. (2025). Comprehensive analysis of phenolic profile, their antioxidant activities, and physicochemical characteristics of rapeseed oil under various microwave and storage conditions. Food Chemistry: X, 29, 102637.
19. Terigar, B. G., Balasubramanian, S., Boldor, D., Xu, Z., Lima, M., & Sabliov, C. M. (2010). Continuous microwave-assisted isoflavone extraction system: Design and performance evaluation. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), 2466-2471.
20. Sparr Eskilsson, C., Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227-250.
21. Vo, T. P., Ho, T. A. T., Truong, K. V., Ha, N. M. H., Nguyen, D. Q. (2024). Combining novel extraction techniques with natural deep eutectic solvent to acquire phenolic and terpenoid compounds from Paris polyphylla roots. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 18, 101544.
22. Tomasi, I. T., Santos, S. C. R., Boaventu-ra, R. A. R., & Botelho, C. M. S. (2023). Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenol-ic compounds from chestnut processing waste using response surface methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 136452.
23. Spigno, G., De Faveri, D. M. (2009). Microwave-assisted extraction of tea phenols: A phenomenological study. Journal of Food Engineering, 93(2), 210-217.
24. Flórez, N., Conde, E., & Domínguez, H. (2014). Microwave assisted water extraction of plant compounds. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 90(4), 590-607.
25. Vo, T. P., Nguyen, N. T. U., Le, V. H., Phan, T. H., Nguyen, T. H. Y., & Nguyen, D. Q. (2023). Optimizing Ultrasonic-Assisted and Mi-crowave-Assisted Extraction Processes to Recover Phenolics and Flavonoids from Passion Fruit Peels. ACS Omega.
26. Di Meo, M. C., De Cristofaro, G. A., Imperatore, R., Rocco, M., Giaquinto, D., Palladino, A., Zotti, T., Vito, P., Paolucci, M., & Varricchio, E. (2021). Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Olive Leaf from Five Italian Cultivars: Effects of Harvest-Time and Extraction Conditions on Phenolic Compounds and In Vitro Antioxidant Properties. ACS Food Science & Technology, 2(1), 31–40.
27. Rodríguez Seoane, P., Flórez-Fernández, N., Conde Piñeiro, E., & Domínguez González, H. (2017). Microwave-Assisted Water Extraction. Wa-ter Extraction of Bioactive Compounds, 163-198.
28. Pan, X., Niu, G., & Liu, H. (2003b). Micro-wave-assisted extraction of tea polyphenols and tea caffeine from green tea leaves. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 42(2), 129-133.
29. Chan, C.-H., Yusoff, R., Ngoh, G.-C., Kung, F. W.-L. (2011). Microwave-assisted extractions of active ingredients from plants. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(37), 6213-6225.
30. Chen, L., Song, D., Tian, Y., Ding, L., Yu, A., & Zhang, H. (2008). Application of on-line microwave sample-preparation techniques. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27(2), 151-159.
31. Chan, C.-H., Lim, J.-J., Yusoff, R., & Ngoh, G.-C. (2015). A generalized energy-based kinetic model for microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Separation and Purification Technology, 143, 152-160.
32. Wang, L., & Weller, C. L. (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6), 300-312.
33. Ruan, G.-H., & Li, G.-K. (2007). The study on the chromatographic fingerprint of Fructus xanthii by microwave assisted extraction coupled with GC–MS. Journal of Chromatography B, 850(1-2), 241-248.
34. Nikhita, Y., Shubham, S., Jaison, S. J., & Sushil, K. (2020). Microwave assisted extraction of bioactive compounds: A brief review. Journal of Indian Chemical Society, 97,10a, 1751–1756.
35. Chan, C.-H., Lim, J.-J., Yusoff, R., & Ngoh, G.-C. (2015). A generalized energy-based kinetic model for microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. Separation and Purification Technology, 143, 152–160.
36. Terigar, B. G., Balasubramanian, S., Boldor, D., Xu, Z., Lima, M., & Sabliov, C. M. (2010). Continuous microwave-assisted isoflavone extrac-tion system: Design and performance evaluation. Bioresource Technology, 101(7), 2466–2471.
37. Li, Y., Han, L., Ma, R., Xu, X., Zhao, C., Wang, Z., Chen, F., & Hu, X. (2012). Effect of energy density and citric acid concentration on an-thocyanins yield and solution temperature of grape peel in microwave-assisted extraction process. Journal of Food Engineering, 109(2), 274–280.
38. Gao, M., Song, B.-Z., & Liu, C.-Z. (2006). Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Saussurea medusa Maxim cultured cells. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 32(2), 79-83.
39. Desai, M., Parikh, J., & Parikh, P. A. (2010). Extraction of Natural Products Using Microwaves as a Heat Source. Separation Purification Reviews, 39 (1-2), 1-32.
40. Wang, W., Zhao, C., Sun, J., Wang, X., Zhao, X., Mao, Y., Li, X., & Song, Z. (2015). Quantitative measurement of energy utilization ef-ficiency and study of influence factors in typical microwave heating process. Energy, 87, 678–685.
41. Yang, X. H., & Tang, J. (2002). Advances In Bioprocessing Engineering. WORLD SCIENTIFIC.
42. Sparr Eskilsson, C., & Björklund, E. (2000). Analytical-scale microwave-assisted extraction. Journal of Chromatography A, 902(1), 227–250.