Аналіз геотермальних станцій, що працюють на водоаміачному розчині по циклу Каліни

Abstract

The limited fossil resources spent on thermal and nuclear power plants are alarming. In addition, their use significantly worsens the environmental situation. The use of renewable energy sources as a primary fuel is a very promising area in the production of electricity and heat. In recent years, much attention has been paid to geothermal energy, i.e. thermal processes occurring in the bowels of the Earth, to produce not only heat but also electricity. A curious engineer and talented scientist Oleksandr Kalina made a significant contribution to the creation of efficient geothermal plants of this type. He created a cycle named after him, in which an ammonia- water solution is used as a working fluid. The peculiarity of the installation that implements the Kalina cycle is that its main elements provide for such changes in solution concentrations, which cause a significant increase in thermal efficiency. Cycles and schemes of installations using ammonia-water solution are considered. Their high efficiency is confirmed. It is shown that during the transition from water to water-ammonia solution, a marked increase in specific work can be observed. It is noted that at the initial stage geothermal stations were built in areas of high volcanic activity, hot springs and geysers. It is reported that the construction of stations with the Kalina cycle can focus on the technology of "Hot Dry Rock", which allows you to place them almost anywhere on our planet. It is noted that the mitigation of the requirements for the temperature of the upper heat source in the Kalina cycle allows the development of underground layers, which were previously considered unpromising. The possibilities of more efficient electricity generation using the Kalina cycle, which uses the natural temperature difference between the heated surface of the ocean and its cold depths, are analyzed. It is noted that alternative energy, based on geothermal energy, the Kalina cycle and HDR technology, has a successful future